Vlora-Elbasani-Dibra (Albania) transversal fault zone and its seismic activity     

Eduard Sulstarova  Veronika Peçi  Piro Shuteriqi 《Journal of Seismology》2000,4(2):117-131

The transversal fault zone Vlora-Elbasan-Dibra (VED)with Northeastern strike dislocated the structure ofAlbanides along all their width. This transversalfault is distinguished by the flexure of Lushnja, thediapire dome of Dumrea, the transversal Quaternarydepression of Elbasani, the belt of transversalstructure of Labinoti, and then it continues towardsNortheast with transversal horst of Golloborda andgoes toward FYROM in NE direction. In the Southwesternpart of this transversal fault, near Fieri town, themolasse subsided toward North. The structures ofIonian and Kruja zone, near this transversal fault,also subsided and uplifted more toward North. Throughmarine investigation a transversal fault with ENEstrike direction was discovered near the Northern partof Sazani Island (Aliaj et al., 1996). We think itmay belong to the big transversal fault zone VED.The transversal fault zone VED is clearlyoutlined by the location of strong and weakearthquakes, migration of foci along this fault, themacroseismic field and focal mechanisms. Generally,along this transversal fault it is the transtensionalstrike-slip dextral motion that dominates.In our studies the transversal fault zoneVlora-Elbasani-Dibra was considered to be the mostpotential transversal seismogenetic belt in Albaniaand nearby. It has played, and is still playing,an important role in seismotectonics in Albania andits surrounding regions.  相似文献   

A bottom-up approach to estimating cost elements of REDD+ pilot projects in Tanzania     

E Merger  C Held  T Tennigkeit  T Blomley 《Carbon balance and management》2012,7(1):9-14

Background

Several previous global REDD+ cost studies have been conducted, demonstrating that payments for maintaining forest carbon stocks have significant potential to be a cost-effective mechanism for climate change mitigation. These studies have mostly followed highly aggregated top-down approaches without estimating the full range of REDD+ costs elements, thus underestimating the actual costs of REDD+. Based on three REDD+ pilot projects in Tanzania, representing an area of 327,825 ha, this study explicitly adopts a bottom-up approach to data assessment. By estimating opportunity, implementation, transaction and institutional costs of REDD+ we develop a practical and replicable methodological framework to consistently assess REDD+ cost elements.

Results

Based on historical land use change patterns, current region-specific economic conditions and carbon stocks, project-specific opportunity costs ranged between US$ -7.8 and 28.8 tCO_xxxx for deforestation and forest degradation drivers such as agriculture, fuel wood production, unsustainable timber extraction and pasture expansion. The mean opportunity costs for the three projects ranged between US$ 10.1 ?C 12.5 tCO₂. Implementation costs comprised between 89% and 95% of total project costs (excluding opportunity costs) ranging between US$ 4.5 - 12.2 tCO₂ for a period of 30 years. Transaction costs for measurement, reporting, verification (MRV), and other carbon market related compliance costs comprised a minor share, between US$ 0.21 - 1.46 tCO₂. Similarly, the institutional costs comprised around 1% of total REDD+ costs in a range of US$ 0.06 ?C 0.11 tCO₂.

Conclusions

The use of bottom-up approaches to estimate REDD+ economics by considering regional variations in economic conditions and carbon stocks has been shown to be an appropriate approach to provide policy and decision-makers robust economic information on REDD+. The assessment of opportunity costs is a crucial first step to provide information on the economic baseline situation of deforestation and forest degradation agents and on the economic incentives required to halt unsustainable land use. Since performance based REDD+ carbon payments decrease over time (as deforestation rates drop and for each saved ha of forest payments occur once), investments in REDD+ implementation have a crucial role in triggering sustainable land use systems by investing in the underlying assets and the generation of sustainable revenue streams to compensate for opportunity costs of land use change. With a potential increase in the land value due to effective REDD+ investments, expenditures in an enabling institutional environment for REDD+ policies are crucial to avoid higher deforestation pressure on natural forests.  相似文献   

The 6dF Galaxy Survey: final redshift release (DR3) and southern large-scale structures     

D. Heath Jones  Mike A. Read  Will Saunders  Matthew Colless  Tom Jarrett  Quentin A. Parker  Anthony P. Fairall †  Thomas Mauch  Elaine M. Sadler  Fred G. Watson  Donna Burton  Lachlan A. Campbell  Paul Cass  Scott M. Croom  John Dawe †  Kristin Fiegert  Leela Frankcombe  Malcolm Hartley  John Huchra  Dionne James  Emma Kirby  Ofer Lahav  John Lucey  Gary A. Mamon  Lesa Moore  Bruce A. Peterson  Sayuri Prior  Dominique Proust  Ken Russell  Vicky Safouris  Ken-ichi Wakamatsu  Eduard Westra  Mary Williams 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(2):683-698

We report the final redshift release of the 6dF Galaxy Survey (6dFGS), a combined redshift and peculiar velocity survey over the southern sky  (| b | > 10°)  . Its 136 304 spectra have yielded 110 256 new extragalactic redshifts and a new catalogue of 125 071 galaxies making near-complete samples with  ( K , H , J , r _F, b _J) ≤ (12.65, 12.95, 13.75, 15.60, 16.75)  . The median redshift of the survey is 0.053. Survey data, including images, spectra, photometry and redshifts, are available through an online data base. We describe changes to the information in the data base since earlier interim data releases. Future releases will include velocity dispersions, distances and peculiar velocities for the brightest early-type galaxies, comprising about 10 per cent of the sample. Here we provide redshift maps of the southern local Universe with   z ≤ 0.1  , showing nearby large-scale structures in hitherto unseen detail. A number of regions known previously to have a paucity of galaxies are confirmed as significantly underdense regions. The URL of the 6dFGS data base is http://www-wfau.roe.ac.uk/6dFGS .  相似文献   

Microphysical, chemical and optical aerosol properties in the Baltic Sea region     

Ülle Kikas  Aivo Reinart  Anna Pugatshova  Eduard Tamm  Vidmantas Ulevicius   《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):211-ICNAA07

The microphysical structure, chemical composition and prehistory of aerosol are related to the aerosol optical properties and radiative effect in the UV spectral range. The aim of this work is the statistical mapping of typical aerosol scenarios and adjustment of regional aerosol parameters. The investigation is based on the in situ measurements in Preila (55.55° N, 21.00° E), Lithuania, and the AERONET data from the Gustav Dalen Tower (58 N, 17 E), Sweden.Clustering of multiple characteristics enabled to distinguish three aerosol types for clear-sky periods: 1) clean maritime–continental aerosol; 2) moderately polluted maritime–continental aerosol; 3) polluted continental aerosol. Differences between these types are due to significant differences in aerosol number and volume concentration, effective radius of volume distribution, content of SO₄⁻ ions and Black Carbon, as well as different vertical profiles of atmospheric relative humidity. The UV extinction, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångstrom coefficient α increased with the increasing pollution. The value α = 1.96 was observed in the polluted continental aerosol that has passed over central and eastern Europe and southern Russia. Reduction of the clear-sky UV index against the aerosol-free atmosphere was of 4.5%, 27% and 41% for the aerosol types 1, 2 and 3, respectively.  相似文献   

Diagenetic evolution of lower Jurassic platform carbonates flanking the Tazoult salt wall (Central High Atlas,Morocco)     

Mar Moragas  Vinyet Baqués  Anna Travé  Juan Diego Martín-Martín  Eduard Saura  Gregoire Messager  David Hunt  Jaume Vergés 《Basin Research》2020,32(3):546-566

Platform carbonates diagenesis in salt basins could be complex due to potential alterations of fluids related and non-related to diapirism. This paper presents the diagenetic history of the Hettangian to Pliensbachian platform carbonates from the Tazoult salt wall area (central High Atlas, Morocco). Low structural relief and outcrop conditions allowed to define the entire diagenetic evolution occurred in the High Atlas diapiric basins since early stages of the diapiric activity up to their tectonic inversion. Precipitation of dolomite and calcite from both warmed marine-derived and meteoric fluids characterised diagenetic stages during Pliensbachian, when the carbonate platforms were exposed and karstified. Burial diagenesis occurred from Toarcian to Middle Jurassic, due to changes of salt-induced dynamic related to increase in siliciclastic input, fast diapir rise and rapid burial of Pliensbachian platforms. During this stage, the diapir acted as a physical barrier for fluid circulation between the core and the flanking sediments. In the carbonates and breccias flanking the structures, dolomite and calcite precipitated from basinal brines, whereas carbonate slivers located in the core of the structure, were affected by the circulation of Mn-rich fluids. The final diagenetic event is characterised by the income of meteoric fluids into the system during uplift caused by Alpine orogeny. These results highlight the relevant influence of diapirism on the diagenetic modifications in salt-related basins in terms of diagenetic events and involved fluids.  相似文献   

Sequential sample reservoirs for Itrax-XRF analysis of discrete samples     

Braden R. B. Gregory  Eduard G. Reinhardt  Andrew L. Macumber  Nawaf A. Nasser  R. Timothy Patterson  Shawn E. Kovacs  Jennifer M. Galloway 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2017,57(3):287-293

Geochemical analysis of sediment samples can be used to characterize between- and within-lake variability and provide insights into lake chemistry, depositional processes and contamination sources. The number of samples for geochemical studies is restricted by cost, sample volume required, and the destructive nature of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, instrumental neutron activation analysis, or wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Core scanners that incorporate energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, such as the Cox Itrax-XRF core scanner, have high through-put and can be used to produce high-quality geochemical datasets at low cost without destroying sample material. Here we describe a new analysis vessel that enables rapid, non-destructive Itrax-XRF analysis of discrete sediment samples.  相似文献   

Future variability of droughts in three Mediterranean catchments   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Lopez-Bustins  Joan A.  Pascual  Diana  Pla  Eduard  Retana  Javier 《Natural Hazards》2013,66(3):1405-1429

This study investigates the intensity change in typhoons and storm surges surrounding the Korean Peninsula under global warming conditions as obtained from the MPI_ECHAM5 climate model using the A1B series. The authors use the Cyclostationary Empirical Orthogonal Function to estimate future background fields for typhoon simulations from twenty-first-century prediction results. A series of numerical experiments applies WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) and POM (Prinston Ocean Model) models to simulate two historical typhoons, Maemi (2003) and Rusa (2002), and associated storm surges under real historical and future warming conditions. Applying numerical experiments to two typhoons, this study found that their central pressure dropped about 19 and 17 hPa, respectively, when considering the future sea surface temperature (a warming of 3.9 °C for 100 years) over the East China Sea (Exp. 1). The associated enhancement of storm surge height ranged from 16 to 67 cm along the southern coast of the Korean Peninsula. However, when the study considered global warming conditions for other atmospheric variables such as sea-level pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, geopotential height, and wind in the typhoon simulations (Exp. 2), the intensities of the two typhoons and their associated surge heights scarcely increased compared to the results of Exp. 1. Analyzing projected atmospheric variables, the authors found that air temperatures at the top of the storm around 200 hPa increased more than those at the surface in tropical and mid-latitudes. The reduced vertical temperature difference provided an unfavorable condition in the typhoon’s development even under conditions of global warming. This suggests that global warming may not always correlate with a large increase in the number of intense cyclones and/or an increase in associated storm surges.  相似文献   

Stratigraphic framework of the thrust geometry and structural inversion in the southeastern Pyrenees : La Garrotxa area     

Albert Martinez  Jaume Vergés  Eduard Clavell  John Kennedy 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3):185-194

Abstract

The structure of la Garrotxa area within the Cadi unit (south-eastern Pyrenees) consists of a set of duplexes at different scales which repeat the different carbonatic litho-units of the Lower and Middle Eocene. These duplexes are folded by antiformal stacks structures with basement rocks in their cores. The north boundary of these antiformal stacks represents an inversion of pre-existent extensional faults which formed half-graben geometries. The basement rocks involved in the structure represent short-cuts formed in the footwall of the extensional faults. All thrusts of La Garrotxa area branch with the upper Garrotxa thrust. The more complex structure of La Garrotxa area than the adjacent areas within the Cadí unit, is due to the initial complex synsedimentary geometry of the sedimentary pile.

The Cadi unit overlies the Serrat unit with a hangingwall ramp geometry. This unit was deduced from the Serrat-1 well, drilled in 1987. The Serrat unit is made up of a Middle Eocene evaporitic sequence, with alternating shales and anhydrites and a 100 meters thick salt layer close to the top. The total thickness of this evaporitic Beuda sequence is 1 000 meters. The Beuda sequence clearly controlled the thrust geometry of the younger thrusts.  相似文献   

Major mergers of haloes, the growth of massive black holes and the evolving luminosity function of quasars     

Evanthia Hatziminaoglou  Guy Mathez  José-María Solanes  Alberto Manrique  Eduard Salvador-Solé 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,343(2):692-704

  相似文献   

Ingredients and Recipes for Model Galaxy Formation     

Alberto Manrique  Eduard Salvador-Solé 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(2-4):1057-1063

We present the basic ingredients and recipes used in an analytical model of galaxy formation to follow the evolution of the baryons inside dark matter haloes whose clustering is described elsewhere. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献